ࡱ> q` AbjbjqPqP 4F::\HHHHHHH\8<4p$\($ h#t?uH   ?HHqqq THHq qq:-,HH 8syaY 0cR###HHv>TqD7?? d    \\\d D\\\\\\HHHHHH  founded 1782 300 Washington Avenue chestertown, maryland 21620-1197 Standard Operating Procedure No. 3 Survival Surgery of Rodents Guidelines for Survival Rodent Surgery These guidelines, based on the NIH Guidelines for Survival Rodent Surgery, apply to all surgical procedures performed on rodents at Ҵý in which the animals are expected to recover from anesthesia. There is no need to withhold food and water prior to surgery on rodents. Survival surgery on rodents should be performed using sterile instruments, surgical gloves, masks and aseptic procedures to reduce microbial contamination of exposed tissues to the lowest practical level. Minor surgical procedures such as wound suturing and peripheral vessel cannulation should be performed in accordance with standard veterinary practices. Before performing surgery for the first time, you must view the Training in Survival Rodent Surgery CD from NIH. Copies are available in the Vivarium office N110A. Procedures Pre-Operative: 1. Surgery should be conducted in a disinfected, uncluttered area which promotes asepsis during surgery such as room N110E in the Vivarium that is equipped with laminar flow tables. 2. Prepare the animal by clipping the hair from the surgical site. Perform this procedure in an area separate from where the surgery is to be conducted. Vacuum the loose hair. 3. Prepare the surgical site(s) with an appropriate skin disinfectant. Wipe the remaining loose hair away with a wet alcohol gauze pad. Scrub the site beginning in the middle and working outwards using Betadine"! scrub and sterile gauze or cotton-tipped applicator for 3 minutes. Rinse the area with 70% isopropyl alcohol. Transfer the animal to the operating table and prep the site one more time using Betadine"! solution. 4. For surgeries lasting more than 5 minutes, sterile ophthalmic ointment should be placed in the rodent s eyes to prevent the corneas from drying out. 5. Surgeons must wear a clean lab coat or scrub top and a mask. Wash and dry hands before aseptically donning sterile surgical gloves. Operative: 1. The animal must be maintained in a surgical plane of anesthesia throughout the procedure. Refer to SOP No. 1 Anesthesia of Rodents. 2. Begin surgery with sterile instruments and handle them aseptically. The animal should be draped with sterile drapes that allow the head to be exposed for anesthesia monitoring. Tissues must be handled gently. 3. Rodents are prone to hypothermia due to their large surface area so they must be kept warm during the surgery. Use the heated surgical base (water recirculating) during the surgery. 4. Instruments and gloves may be used for a series of similar surgeries provided they are maintained clean and disinfected between animals (no more than 5 animals using the same set of instruments). Use the Germinator"! glass bead sterilizer to sterilize the tips of the instruments between surgeries. Make sure to cool the tips before resuming surgery. Alternatively the instruments should be soaked in a cold sterilant according to manufacturer s directions and rinsed before reuse. 5. Monitor the animals vital signs. The animal should have regular respiration and ears, nose and mouth should remain pink. 6. Close surgical wounds using appropriate techniques and materials. The selection of the type and size of suture material should be done in advance in consultation with the IACUC and based on the type of surgery and species of animal. For small animals, a 3-0 suture thickness or smaller is best. Cutting and reverse cutting needles have sharp edges and are best used for skin suturing. Non-cutting, taper or round needles are used for suturing easily torn tissues such as peritoneum, muscle or intestine. If ligation of vessels or suturing of tissues other than skin is necessary during surgery, an absorbable material such as Vicryl"!, Dexon"!, PDS"!, Maxon"!, or chromic gut should be used. For skin closure, non-absorbable suture such as Prolene"! or nylon, stainless steel wound clips or staples may be used. Most rodents will gnaw at any externalized sutures, so a buried suture line or wound clips are recommended. Cyanoacrylate surgical adhesives, such as Vetbond"! or Nexaband"!, may be used to close incisions or to close the area between sutures. Silk is a non-absorbable suture material that can cause tissue reactions and may wick microorganisms into the wound. It is best used for cardiovascular procedures only and not for closure. Post-Operative: 1. Move the animal to a warm, dry area and monitor it during recovery. Use a clean cage with a blue diaper or paper towel to keep the animal from contact with the bedding to prevent aspiration. Place the recovery cage halfway on the heating pad (set to Low) to allow the animal to move away from the heat. Return the animal to its routine housing only after it has fully recovered from anesthesia. 2. Maintain a surgical record (e.g., annotate cage card with procedure and date). 3. Provide analgesics as appropriate. Monitor the animal for signs of pain or distress keeping in mind that rodents may mask pain. Signs may include hunched posture, ruffled fur, red/brown staining around the eyes and nose, and reduced water and/or food intake. 4. Weigh the animal and monitor food intake daily for the first few post-operative days. Supplying a softer, more palatable, easily accessible diet may encourage the animal to eat. 5. The animals hydration can be monitored by tenting the skin along the back of the animal. In a well-hydrated animal, the skin should quickly fall back into place when released. If an animal is dehydrated, the skin will be slow to return to its original place. Consult the Vivarium manager for supplementing with subcutaneous fluids. 6. Monitor the skin incision for signs of infection (redness, heat, or swelling) or dehiscence (wound reopening). 7. Remove skin closures (if not using absorbable suture) 10 to 14 days post-operatively. Appendix DEFINITIONS: Analgesia: the relief of pain without loss of consciousness. Aseptic surgical procedures: Surgery performed using procedures that limit microbial contamination so that significant infection or suppuration does not occur. Cold sterilants: Chemical agents that destroy microorganisms. Instruments must be rinsed thoroughly with sterile water or saline to remove chemical sterilants before being used. Cutting needle: Used for suturing tough tissue (skin, tendon). Not as optimal as a reverse-cutting needle because tension of suture is at point of angle. Disinfection: The chemical or physical process that involves the destruction of pathogenic organisms. All disinfectants are effective against vegetative forms of organisms, but not necessarily spores. Hemostasis: To stop bleeding. Hypoglycemia: An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood. Hypothermia: A low body temperature. Instrument square knot: A dou$&GH H a b i = I P c ȴvvvvvvvvvhvW hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJhBCJOJQJ^JaJhCE&CJOJQJ^JaJh CJOJQJ^JaJ h|hCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJ&hIhCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJhCE&5:CJ0OJQJaJ0hCE&:OJQJhBhCE&:CJ hCE&:CJjhl`whCE&:CJU"GHk 7 a H,-. & F7$8$H$gdCE& 7$8$H$gdCE& $1$a$gdCE&@A " * S # $ I ` FHJN,-2=> TUVɻ~ɻph CJOJQJ^JaJh5OJQJ\^JaJhCE&5OJQJ\^JaJhm9*CJOJQJ^JaJ h|hCE&CJOJQJ^JaJhCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ"hIhCE&5OJQJ\^JaJ hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJ&hIhCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJ*./012=>U yZj k { | "^"f#$l%%7&8& & F7$8$H$gdCE& 7$8$H$gdCE&  #116?y,-g@~HJ  pXZ  k y { | !!! " ">"?"\"]"^"_""##)$*$P$z${$hCE&5OJQJ\^JaJ"hIhCE&5OJQJ\^JaJ h|hCE&CJOJQJ^JaJhCE&CJOJQJ^JaJh[CJOJQJ^JaJF{$$$"%%%%%&8&9&B&C&P&Q&Z&\&&&&&&&.'1'4'='?'['n''''''оᩕoX,h|hCE&56CJOJQJ\]^JaJ#hCE&56CJOJQJ\^JaJ&hrqhCE&56CJOJQJ^JaJ&h|hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJ)hrqhCE&56CJOJQJ\^JaJ"hIhCE&5OJQJ\^JaJ hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJhCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ h|hCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ"8&9&B&C&P&Q&&.''C(z(C)a)))@<<=>>???I@@@@@gdCE& 7$8$H$gdCE&''(z((((B)C)M)O)a)m)o)))))))))<<<<<\=]====>e>|>>>>>>??j?k?????Ḥ︤︤yḤ,h|hCE&56CJOJQJ\]^JaJU#hCE&56CJOJQJ\^JaJ&h|hCE&5CJOJQJ\^JaJ)hrqhCE&56CJOJQJ\^JaJ&hrqhCE&56CJOJQJ^JaJhCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ h|hCE&CJOJQJ^JaJ/ble knot formed using instruments in which the free ends of the second knot are in the same plane as the ends of the first knot. Major surgery: Any surgical intervention that penetrates and exposes a body cavity; any procedure that has the potential for producing permanent physical or physiological impairment; and/or any procedure associated with orthopedics or extensive tissue dissection or transection. Minor surgery: Any surgical intervention that neither penetrates and exposes a body cavity nor produces permanent impairment of physical or physiologic function. Examples are superficial vascular cutdown, subcutaneous implants, and percutaneous biopsy. Reverse cutting needle: Used for suturing tough tissue. Tension of suture is dispersed along edge of angle. Sterilization: The process whereby all viable microorganism are eliminated or destroyed. The criterion of sterilization is the failure of organisms to grow if a growth supporting medium is supplied. Suppuration: The formation of pus. Taper needle: (synonyms: non-cutting, atraumatic, round): The body of this needle tapers down to a fine point, permitting minimum tissue damage. This needle is especially suitable for soft tissue.     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